Limitations of a Fire Alarm System
An automatic fire alarm system, which typically includes smoke detectors, heat detectors, manual call points, audible warning devices, and a fire alarm control panel with remote notification capability, can offer early warning of a developing fire. However, this system does not guarantee protection against property damage or loss of life resulting from a fire.
The manufacturer recommends placing smoke and/or heat detectors throughout a protected premise, adhering to the guidelines in the current edition of the National Fire Protection Association Standard 72 (NFPA 72), the manufacturer’s recommendations, state and local codes, and the recommendations in the “Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors,” available at no charge to all installing dealers.
A study by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) indicated that smoke detectors may fail to activate in up to 35% of all fires. While fire alarm systems are intended to provide early warnings, they do not guarantee timely or adequate alerts and may not function for various reasons.
Smoke detectors may not sense fire where smoke cannot reach the detectors such as in chimneys, in or behind walls, on roofs, or on the other side of closed doors. Smoke detectors also may not sense a fire on another level or floor of a building. A second-floor detector, for example, may not sense a first-floor or basement fire.
Particles of combustion or “smoke” from a developing fire may not reach the sensing chambers of smoke detectors because:
- Barriers such as closed or partially closed doors, walls, or chimneys may inhibit particle or smoke flow.
- Smoke particles may become “cold,” stratify, and not reach the ceiling or upper walls where detectors are located.
- Smoke particles may be blown away from detectors by air outlets.
- Smoke particles may be drawn into air returns before reaching the detector.
Conventional Fire Alarm System
Addressable Fire Alarm System
Fire Prevention System
Fire Suppression System
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NFPA standards
- NFPA 12 – CO2 Extinguishing Systems (High Pressure Only)
- NFPA 12A – Halon 1301 Extinguishing Systems
- NFPA 72 – Local Fire Alarm Systems (Automatic, Manual, Waterflow and Sprinkler Supervisory)
- NFPA 2001 – Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems
Underwriters Laboratories Documents
- UL 38 – Manually Actuated Signaling Boxes
- UL 217 – Smoke Detectors, Single and Multiple Station
- UL 228 – Door Closers – Holders for Fire Alarm Systems
- UL 268 – Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Systems
- UL 268A – Smoke Detectors for Duct Applications
- UL 346 – Waterflow Indicators for Fire Protective Signaling Systems
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